Separate Spheres for Men and Women

The ideology of separate spheres dominated thought about gender roles from the late 18th century through the 19th century in the United States. Similar ideas influenced gender roles in other parts of the world as well. The concept of separate spheres continues to influence thinking about proper gender roles today. In the division of gender roles into separate spheres, a womans place was in the private sphere, which included family life and the home. A mans place was in the public sphere, whether in politics, in the economic world which was becoming increasingly separate from home life as the Industrial Revolution progressed, or in public social and cultural activity. Natural Gender Division Many experts of the time wrote about how this division was naturally rooted in each gender. Women who sought roles or visibility in the public sphere often found themselves identified as unnatural and as unwelcome challenges to cultural assumptions. Legally, women were considered dependents until marriage and under coverture after marriage, with no separate identity and few or no personal rights including economic and property rights. This status  was in accord with the idea that a womans place was in the home and a mans place was in the public world. Although experts at the time believed these gender divisions were rooted in nature, the ideology of separate spheres is now considered an example of the social construction of gender: that cultural and social attitudes built ideas of womanhood and manhood (proper womanhood and proper  manhood) that empowered and/or constrained women and men. Historians on Separate Spheres Nancy Cotts 1977 book, The Bonds of Womanhood: Womens Sphere in New England, 1780-1835, is a classic study that examines the concept of separate spheres. Cott focuses on the experiences of women and shows how within their sphere, women wielded considerable power and influence. Critics of Nancy Cotts portrayal of separate spheres include Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, who published Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America in 1982. She showed not only how women, in their separate sphere, created a womens culture, but how women were at a disadvantage socially, educationally, politically, economically, and even medically. Rosalind Rosenberg also takes on the separate spheres ideology in her 1982 book, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism. Rosenberg details the legal and social disadvantages of women under the separate spheres ideology. Her work documents  how some women began to challenge the relegation of women to the home. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese  challenges the idea of how separate spheres created solidarity among women in her 1988 book Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women in the Old South. She writes about the different experiences of women: those who were part of the slave-holding class as wives and daughters, those who were enslaved, those free women who lived on farms where there were no enslaved people, and other poor white women. Within a general disempowerment of women in a patriarchal system, there was no singular womens culture, she argues.  Friendships among women, documented in studies of northern bourgeois or well-off women, were not characteristic of the Old South. In common among all these books, and others on the topic, is documentation of a general cultural ideology of separate spheres, grounded in  the idea that women belong in the private sphere, and are strangers in the public sphere, and that the reverse was true of men. Widening Womens Sphere In the late 19th century, some reformers like Frances Willard with her temperance work and Jane Addams with her settlement house work relied on a separate spheres ideology to justify their public reform efforts—thus both using and undermining the ideology. Each author saw her work as public housekeeping, an outward expression of caring for the family and home, and both took that work into the realms of politics and the public social and cultural realm.  This idea was later termed social feminism.

The United States Economy Recession Policy Recommendations

The United States economy: Recession policy recommendations According to classical Keynesian theory, the best way to deal with a recession is for the government to spend at a deficit to stimulate demand. Waiting for the business cycle to rectify itself, at least during a very severe economic downturn, shows little understanding of real world economic and psychological wisdom. When people are worried about losing their jobs, they spend less and hide money under the mattress. They do not buy consumer goods, borrow money, or begin new enterprises (Chapter 4, 2013). As a result of this contraction in demand, employers likewise begin to cut back on production and only try to sell their unsold inventory. Eventually, they have to let workers go. Keynes suggested that by spending money through public work projects, the government could temporarily assume the role of private industry by providing jobs (Chapter 4, 2013). It is a mistake to assume that Keynes believed that government intervention was always good. Rather, he believed that government intervention was sometimes necessary to correct the ebbs and flows of the business cycle. The government, according to Keynes should spend at a deficit and have a surplus or a balanced budget during times of prosperity. Despite the fact that the U.S. currently harbors a deficit, Keynesian policy should not be viewed as irresponsible. By stimulating the economy, eventually tax revenue will be boosted and the U.S. will be able toShow MoreRelatedEconomic Critique1396 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Critique University of Phoenix ECO371 January 21, 2013 Economic Critique Currently, our country is in a recession, and the unemployment rate is at an all-time high. The unemployment rate consists of people not only out of work but also those who can work and are actively looking for work (Colander, 2010). 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CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ BIBLIOGRAPHY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦............................ INTRODUCTION Our country is currently in an election year, both parties are far apart on the best path for our economy. The British voters decided to exit the European Union, a change that will have an impact on global economies with the full effect of this decision still unknown. Read MoreAnalyzing The Current And Future Economic Status Of Ohio1276 Words   |  6 Pagesdefine recession and depression in order to put these matters in the right perspective. 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Compiler Design 2 Free Essays

Outline s Refreshing †¦ Uncensored †¦ Groundbreaking †¦. The Dr. Wang’s original lecture: s s s s s Tutorial of Design Compiler s s Introduction Setting Up the Tutorial Graphical Interface The Alarm Clock Design Setting Design Environment Setting Design Constraints Overview of Optimization Phases Analysis of Report DC Tutorial – 2 Introduction s s s Introduction s s s s The Synthesis Process Design Compiler Products Synthesis Programs and Tools Design Styles Input and Output Formats User Interfaces Script Files DC Tutorial – 4 The Synthesis Process Start Rewrite Verilog Code Read in Design Set Attributes Set Realistic Timing Goal Check Design Errors No Yes Fix Bugs Change Constraints Modify Compile Attributes Ungroup Design Blocks The DC Products s DC Professional – No multi-frequency clocking, latch-based time borrowing, pipeline re-timing, critical path resynthesis, in-place optimization, and incremental editing s DC Expert – Include features for maximizing performance s FPGA Compiler – Targets only FPGA technology Optimize No Good? Yes Done DC Tutorial – 5 DC Tutorial – 6 1 Synthesis Tools HDL Design Analyzer HDL Compilers DesignWare DesignWare Developer Architectural Optimization s s Architectural Optimization Gate-Level s s Design Analyzer Logic Optimization Design Compilers Cell Library Library Compiler s s Arithmetic Optimization Timing and Area-Based Resource Sharing Sub-expression Removal Constraint-Driven Resource Selection Inference of Synthetic Part (DesignWare) For more information – HDL Compiler for Verilog Reference Manual Optimized Gate-level Netlist DC Tutorial – 7 DC Tutorial – 8 DesignWare s DesignWare Developer Provide a library of high-level design components – Adders, Multiplier, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Compiler Design 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now s s The HDL compiler will select the proper components for you based on your timing and area goals See Documentation Collection (open collection) – Synopsys DesignWare 1997. 01 s Create DesignWare Libraries DC Tutorial – 9 DC Tutorial – 10 DC Products s Cell Library s Library of basic cells used by DC – AND, OR, XOR, etc. s Optimize your design at the gate level Using selected cell libraries s For FPGA compiler, it may contain more complex cells – Xilinx CLBs, IOBs, etc. DC Tutorial – 11 DC Tutorial – 12 2 Library Compiler Design Styles s Yes, you can create your own cell libraries s s Hierarchical or Flatten Combinational or Sequential DC Tutorial – 13 DC Tutorial – 14 Input Formats s s s s Output Formats s s s s s VHDL Verilog PLA EDIF 2. 00 Xilinx XNF s Synopsys binary format (. db files) VHDL Verilog EDIF 2. 00 Equation, LSI Logic, Mentor Graphics, PLA, state table, Tegas formats Xilinx XNF format DC Tutorial – 15 DC Tutorial – 16 User Interfaces s Scripts s shell dc_shell – – – – – – – – – unix-like command shell dc_shell quit dc_shell cd my_dir dc_shell alias wv write -f verilog dc_shell pwd dc_shell history n dc_shell list -command dc_shell man dc_shell sh â€Å"lpr † s s s s shell design_analyzer graphical interface DC Tutorial – 17 A set of command can be put together into a file called â€Å"script† Then, you don’t need to re-type some the commands again and again when using the dc_shell Scripts for this tutorial will be provided for your reference You can run them when you are home witho ut the X-window capability DC Tutorial – 18 3 Locate Documentation s s s s s s s shell design_analyzer select Help – On-Line Documentation †¦. Ignore the square window with â€Å"Titles† – select Cancel to close it – focus on the one with â€Å"File, Edit, View †¦Ã¢â‚¬  select File – Open Collection select Synopsys Synthesis Tools 1997. 1 and then click OK select Documents Formatted for Printing and then click Open In the â€Å"File, Edit, View †¦Ã¢â‚¬  window, now you can select a list of on-line documents DC Tutorial – 19 Setting Up the Tutorial Setting Up the Tutorial s s s s Creating The Directories s cp -r /baby/synopsys/doc/syn/tutorial . Home Directory tutorial Creating the directories Setting paths and aliases Creating a start-up file Running tutorial with scripts db/ verilog/ vhdl/ appendix_A/ Script files work (empty) DC Tutorial – 21 DC Tutorial – 22 Path s s .synopsys_dc. setup file % sour ce /usr/local/bin/setup. synopsys Or you can put it in . cshrc file – % source . cshrc – % rehash s s You can take a look of the setup file – % more /usr/local/bin/setup. synopsys s Creating a . synopsys_dc. setup file can overwrite system default settings % cp ~/tutorial/. sysnopsys_dc. setup ~/. synopsys_dc. setup % vi ~/. synopsys_dc. setup – company = â€Å"Motorola Somerset†; – designer = â€Å"CEO†; – view_background = â€Å"while†; s It basically setup the right environmental variables for you DC Tutorial – 23 DC Tutorial – 24 4 More about setup file s Scripts s s % more . synopsys_dc. setup – search_path = { } + search_path – link_library †¦ target_library †¦ symbol_library †¦ define_design_lib †¦ s s s s s search_path = {a directory} + search_path – if you cp tutorial into a directory other than home link_library: location of subdesgins referenced by the design target_library: identify technology libraries symbol_library: identify symbols library for generating/viewing schematics define_design_lib: identify a temporary place to store intermediate files created by the analyzer DC Tutorial – 25 No X-Window, No Problem Find script files in ~/tutorial/appendix_A/. See Design Analyzer Reference Manual for more detail DC Tutorial – 26 Graphical Interface s s Start: % design_analyzer Quit: Select File – Quit Menu Bar Graphical Interface View Buttons Level Buttons Scroll Bar Message Area (view_background = â€Å"while†;) View Window DC Tutorial – 28 Mouse Buttons s Check Default Setup s Setup – Defaults †¦ Left Button – Select design and design objects s Mid Button – Add or remove objects from a group of objects already selected s Right Button Bring up the pop-up menu DC Tutorial – 29 DC Tutorial – 30 5 Read in a Design s Save a Design s File – – analyze elaborate – read File – Save or Save As †¦ – Once a design is selected s analyze : – read in VHDL/Verilog; check for syntax and synthesizale logic; store as intermediate formats – Use to read each sub-design + top level design s elaborate : – create the design from intermediate formats; determine the correct bus size; Use for top level design + sub-design with parameters passing in s read : read design formats other than HDL (db, PLA, tc. ) DC Tutorial – 31 DC Tutorial – 32 A Design Has 4 Views s s s s s Design View s Design View Symbol View Schematic View Hierarchy View T View (No Use) After â€Å"read† in all 13 verilog files in the tutorial directory – you first enter the Design View DC Tutorial – 33 DC Tutorial – 34 Symbol View s Schematic View s Select TIME_STATE_MACHINE and double-click on it - you enter the symbol view of the design Click on the â€Å"schematic view† button on the left hand side DC Tutorial – 35 DC Tutorial – 36 6 Hierarchy View s Design View Icons s s s s Click the up arrow (left hand side) to go back to design view; doubleclick on TOP; Select View – Change View – Hierarchy – TOP contains 6 modules Netlist: read in as a netlist and optimized to gates Equation: In VHDL, Verilog, or equation format that is partially or completely behavioral PLA: Specified in PLA format State Table: Specified in state table format Y=A+B 010-0 1-101 PLA State Table Netlist Equation DC Tutorial – 37 DC Tutorial – 38 Command Window s dc_shell Commands Setup – Command Window †¦ s For more information, – see Design Compiler Reference Manual: Fundamentals DC Tutorial – 39 DC Tutorial – 40 Design Attributes s Operating Environment Sub-menu s Attributes are values you set to control the optimization process – Select Attributes from the menu s The Attributes menu provide access to – – – – – – – Set input and output delays Set drive strengths set loads Characterize subdesigns Select operating conditions Choose a wire load model Create or modify a clock DC Tutorial – 41 Set design properties that describes the internal conditions of a design and the design’s interaction with its surrounding – drive strength on ports – the time that signals arrive on ports – load driven by output ports DC Tutorial – 42 7 Optimization Constraints s Design Optimization s Set the goal for design optimization – largest delay allowed – greatest area allowed Select Tools – Design Optimization – See Design Compiler Reference Manual: Optimization and Timing Analysis for more detail s Two set-constraint windows – Design Constraints window †¢ Goals for area and power †¢ Design rules implied by technology library †¢ Test-related constraints (testability) – Timing Constraints window †¢ Timing constraints s DC Tutorial – 43 DC Tutorial – 44 Locating Problems s Generate Report s Before and after optimization, use Schematic View and Check Design to locate problems – Generate schematic view – Select Analysis – Check Design – Jump to a design object †¢ Click on an error or warning message in the Design error window †¢ Click on the show button Analysis – Report †¦ DC Tutorial – 45 DC Tutorial – 46 Run a Script File s Setup – Execute Script – check out ~/tutorial/appendix_A/*. script – dc_shell include The Alarm Clock Design DC Tutorial – 47 8 How to cite Compiler Design 2, Essay examples

What Are Your Career Goals free essay sample

Higher National Diploma in Biomedical Science leading to BSc(Hons) Biomedical Science Degree Biomedical Science is the application of biology based science for medical use. It will allow you to learn the human body at the whole body, organ, tissue, cell and sub cellular level. You will also learn how these systems can go wrong in various diseases and how accurate diagnosis can be made using a variety of laboratory tests. Biomedical Science is a continually changing, dynamic profession with long-term career prospect including research, management and education. Biomedical Scientist Biomedical Scientist learns scientific and personal skills and gain qualification that can be transferred all over the world and can be recognised globally. BTEC HND Biomedical Science graduates may apply for the associate membership of the Institute of Biomedical Science in the I-JK after obtaining 5 years of relevant work experience. Careers Hospital laboratory biomedical scientist Industrial laboratory bio-scientist Bio-science research Medicine or Dentistry (after acceptance in medical school and further raining) Science teaching Transfer Opportunities Students, who successfully complete HND in Biomedical Science, can transfer to Northumbria University Biomedical Science Degree which is accredited by the Institute for Biomedical Sciences (IBMS). We will write a custom essay sample on What Are Your Career Goals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It provides the education and training required to become a Registered Biomedical Scientist. awarded by BTEC Higher National Diploma (HND) BTEC HND in Biomedical Science is a 16 unit higher level qualification which is awarded by Edexcel LJK. Programme Structure

The French and Indian War Essay Example For Students

The French and Indian War Essay The French and Indian War Essay The French and Indian War was fought on July 9, 1755. This battle took place at Fort Duquesne, in western Pennsylvania, which was one of the many French forts in the Ohio Valley. The fight was between the English army, which was led by General Edward Braddock and the French army, which was led by Captain Beaujeau. The English army included 1,750 British regulars and 450 colonial militia. The French army, which included Indians, included less than 1,000 men. We will write a custom essay on The French and Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The English army and General Edward Braddock marched through the wilderness towards the French fort, Fort Duquesne. The uniforms that the British wore were easy to see through the forest. They were red and very bright. Some soldiers carried flags, some just marched and carried their guns, some were on horses, and others played music to which the army marched. General Braddock and his British soldiers believed that the right way to fight a battle was to position themselves in an open area. The French and Indians hid behind trees and rocks which was smart because more British bullets hit trees than French and Indian soldiers when the two armies fought. Ten miles from Fort Duquesne, Captain Beaujeau and his French army made a surprise attack on the English. Most of the British soldiers were killed and injured. While riding horses, General Braddock had four of them shot from under him before he himself was killed. When George Washington was 23 years old, he led the colonial militia on a retreat to safety. Two horses were shot from under him and four bullet holes were found in his coat, but Washington himself was not killed. History . The French And Indian War Essay Example For Students The French And Indian War Essay The French And Indian War Essay The French and Indian War was fought on July 9, 1755. This battle took place at Fort Duquesne, in western Pennsylvania, which was one of the many French forts in the Ohio Valley. The fight was between the English army, which was led by General Edward Braddock and the French army, which was led by Captain Beaujeau. The English army included 1,750 British regulars and 450 colonial militia. The French army, which included Indians, included less than 1,000 men. We will write a custom essay on The French And Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The English army and General Edward Braddock marched through the wilderness towards the French fort, Fort Duquesne. The uniforms that the British wore were easy to see through the forest. They were red and very bright. Some soldiers carried flags, some just marched and carried their guns, some were on horses, and others played music to which the army marched. General Braddock and his British soldiers believed that the right way to fight a battle was to position themselves in an open area. The French and Indians hid behind trees and rocks which was smart because more British bullets hit trees than French and Indian soldiers when the two armies fought. Ten miles from Fort Duquesne, Captain Beaujeau and his French army made a surprise attack on the English. Most of the British soldiers were killed and injured. While riding horses, General Braddock had four of them shot from under him before he himself was killed. When George Washington was 23 years old, he led the colonial militia on a retreat to safety. Two horses were shot from under him and four bullet holes were found in his coat, but Washington himself was not killed. . The French and Indian War Essay Example For Students The French and Indian War Essay The French and Indian War Essay was fought on July 9, 1755. This battle took place at Fort Duquesne, in western Pennsylvania, which was one of the many French forts in the Ohio Valley. The fight was between the English army, which was led by General Edward Braddock and the French army, which was led by Captain Beaujeau. The English army included 1,750 British regulars and 450 colonial militia. The French army, which included Indians, included less than 1,000 men. The English army and General Edward Braddock marched through the wilderness towards the French fort, Fort Duquesne. The uniforms that the British wore were easy to see through the forest. They were red and very bright. Some soldiers carried flags, some just marched and carried their guns, some were on horses, and others played music to which the army marched. General Braddock and his British soldiers believed that the right way to fight a battle was to position themselves in an open area. The French and Indians hid behind trees and rocks which was smart because more British bullets hit trees than French and Indian soldiers when the two armies fought. We will write a custom essay on The French and Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ten miles from Fort Duquesne, Captain Beaujeau and his French army made a surprise attack on the English. Most of the British soldiers were killed and injured. While riding horses, General Braddock had four of them shot from under him before he himself was killed. When George Washington was 23 years old, he led the colonial militia on a retreat to safety. Two horses were shot from under him and four bullet holes were found in his coat, but Washington himself was not killed. . The French and Indian War Essay Example For Students The French and Indian War Essay In July 1755, a few miles south of Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburg where the Alegheny and Monongahela rivers meet, a combined force of French and Indians ambushed British and colonial troops. This catastrophe was to ultimately become the starting point of The French and Indian War Essay. During the Seven Years War, as the French and Indian War is commonly called, there were wins and losses on both sides, but ultimately the British were victorious with the help of William Pitt. However, the War caused England many economic, political, and ideological tribulations with the American colonists. In response to a French threat to Englands western frontiers, delegates from seven northern and middle colonies gathered in Albany, New York, in June 1754. We will write a custom essay on The French and Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now With the patronage of administers in London, they sought two goals: to persuade the Iroquois to abandon their traditional neutrality and to coordinate the defenses of the colonies. This Albany Congress succeeded in neither. While the Albany Congress representatives deliberated, Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia sent a small military force westward to counter the French moves. Virginia claimed ownership of Ohio, and Governor Dinwiddie hoped to prevent the French from founding their permanent post there. However, the militia group was too late, for the French were already constructing Fort Duquesne at the strategic point where the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers meet. George Washington was twenty-two and commanded the Virginian militia who attacked a French detachment and eventually surrendered after a day-long battle during which more than one-third of his men were killed or wounded. Washington had made a huge mistake that would eventually set of a war that would encompass nearly the entire world. America, mayest well rejoice, the Children of New England may be glad and triumph (Doc. E). Led by William Pitt, a civilian official that was placed in charge of the war effort in 1757, Britain pursued a military strategy that was lacking in the years prior. In July 1758, British forces recaptured the fortress at Louisburg, cutting off the major French supply route. In a spectacular attack in 1759, General James Wolfes soldiers defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham and took Quebec. A year later the British captured Montreal, which was the last French stronghold on the continent, which ended the American phase of the war. In the Treaty of Paris, France ceded its major North American holdings to Britain. Thus the British ultimately gained control of the continents fur trade after the French relinquished Louisiana to Spain for partial compensation for its allys losses. The English seacoast colonies would no longer need to worry about the threat of their existence posed by Frances extensive North American territories. See Map (Doc. A)} However, with the sweets come the sour. The great victory over France had an irreversible impact on North America. An uprising lead by Pontiac, a war chief from the Ottawa village, showed Great Britain that the vast territory recently acquired from France was not easy to govern. With no experience managing such a huge area, London officials issued the Proclamation of 1763 in October which stated that the headwaters of rivers flowing into the Atlantic from the Appalachian Mountains would be the temporary western boundary for colonial settlement. Intended to prevent clashes by forbidding colonists to move onto Indian lands it quickly became an unenforceable policy that was doomed to failure. Other issues such as economic problems and political challenges arose rapidly after the Seven Year War. the revenue arising is very small and inconsiderable and is not sufficient (Doc F). The hard-won victory in the French and Indian War cost the British millions of pounds and created an enormous war debt. Englands burden of debt nearly doubled since 1754, from 73 million pounds to 137 million pounds. After considering their hardships, England felt it only right that the American colonists should pay their fair share of the debt for the Empire since they benefited so greatly from the wartime expenditures. Through acts such as the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act, American colonists were forced to pay high prices to the government. These acts were imposed on an economy already in the midst of depression. Not only with a depleted treasury, . The French And Indian War Essay Example For Students The French And Indian War Essay The French And Indian War Essay was fought on July 9, 1755. This battle took place at Fort Duquesne, in western Pennsylvania, which was one of the many French forts in the Ohio Valley. The fight was between the English army, which was led by General Edward Braddock and the French army, which was led by Captain Beaujeau. The English army included 1,750 British regulars and 450 colonial militia. The French army, which included Indians, included less than 1,000 men. The English army and General Edward Braddock marched through the wilderness towards the French fort, Fort Duquesne. The uniforms that the British wore were easy to see through the forest. They were red and very bright. Some soldiers carried flags, some just marched and carried their guns, some were on horses, and others played music to which the army marched. General Braddock and his British soldiers believed that the right way to fight a battle was to position themselves in an open area. The French and Indians hid behind trees and rocks which was smart because more British bullets hit trees than French and Indian soldiers when the two armies fought. We will write a custom essay on The French And Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ten miles from Fort Duquesne, Captain Beaujeau and his French army made a surprise attack on the English. Most of the British soldiers were killed and injured. While riding horses, General Braddock had four of them shot from under him before he himself was killed. When George Washington was 23 years old, he led the colonial militia on a retreat to safety. Two horses were shot from under him and four bullet holes were found in his coat, but Washington himself was not killed. Words / Pages : 256 / 24 . The French and Indian War Essay Example For Students The French and Indian War Essay The French and Indian War Essay was fought on July 9, 1755. This battle took place at Fort Duquesne, in western Pennsylvania, which was one of the many French forts in the Ohio Valley. The fight was between the English army, which was led by General Edward Braddock and the French army, which was led by Captain Beaujeau. The English army included 1,750 British regulars and 450 colonial militia. The French army, which included Indians, included less than 1,000 men. The English army and General Edward Braddock marched through the wilderness towards the French fort, Fort Duquesne. The uniforms that the British wore were easy to see through the forest. They were red and very bright. Some soldiers carried flags, some just marched and carried their guns, some were on horses, and others played music to which the army marched. General Braddock and his British soldiers believed that the right way to fight a battle was to position themselves in an open area. The French and Indians hid behind trees and rocks which was smart because more British bullets hit trees than French and Indian soldiers when the two armies fought. We will write a custom essay on The French and Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ten miles from Fort Duquesne, Captain Beaujeau and his French army made a surprise attack on the English. Most of the British soldiers were killed and injured. While riding horses, General Braddock had four of them shot from under him before he himself was killed. When George Washington was 23 years old, he led the colonial militia on a retreat to safety. Two horses were shot from under him and four bullet holes were found in his coat, but Washington himself was not killed. . The French and Indian War Essay Example For Students The French and Indian War Essay The French and Indian WarThe French and Indian war raged from 1754 to 1763. Its roots began long before the first shot was fired, about 100 years before between the French and the English. The French and Indian War was not fought between the French and the Indians, but the two allied with the Canadians against the English. It was the catalyst for the Seven Years War, from 1756-1763, which was brought over into Europe, the Carnatic Wars, and it eventually lead to the American Revolution.By the late 1600s to the beginning of the 1700s, the colonization of the Americas by the English had been reaping great rewards. We will write a custom essay on The French and Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The English controlled much of the eastern seaboard, and were highly interested into further expansionism. The English often moved into the French territory and claimed the land as theirs. The French had established a vast area from Louisiana to the south to Canada to the north bordering the Spaniards to the left and the English to the right. The French had small frontier villages with ample land for the English to take. The French used their land for the same purposes the English used theirs, for trade and manifest destiny. However the French were frontier trappers who moved and settled in small numbers and not farmers, as the English were. Because of this the French made a good repor with the Indians, which seemed to be all around and the neighboring frontiersmen in Canada to the north. It was almost customary for a Frenchman to wed an Indian woman to strengthen trade agreements and the use of land as well as an interpreter/guide. As the English colonizers began to expand into and around the French territory much quarreling arose and disputes over whose land it really was just added to the fire. The French started to build forts up and down their territorys boarder. The French along with the Indians lead attacks against the English until they moved out of their territory. They French established a fort called Fort Le Boeuf just down river from Fort Duquesne next to lake Erie; this was already claimed as English territory. England sent Major George Washington to the region of Fort Duquesne to thwart the French from further expansion and to expel the from the area. While on a patrol for the French, Major Washington came upon a small group of Frenchmen, which he took for scouts. Major Washington ordered his men to fire killing many and further pursued the rest. In the end 10 men lay dead and 22 were captured. This was soon to be an act of war since England and France were at peace. The French tricked Major Washington into signing a letter written in French, which stated that Major Washington assassinated the 10 Frenchmen and attacked the rest. The always present Indian problem added to Englands decision to send two regiments of troops to protect the colonizers. When the French heard word of this they too sent several regiments of troops to protect the frontiersmen and settlers in their territory in New France. Peace talks in England soon began between the French. The commander of Frances troops was Baron de Dieskau who was under orders to defend New France and not to instigate any attack. The English sent General Braddock with a larger force than Major Washington to make war with the French on the frontier. The French being well aware of their surroundings, made good use of it while ambushing the English as they marched in columns toward the French to attack Fort Duqesne. .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 , .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .postImageUrl , .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 , .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:hover , .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:visited , .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:active { border:0!important; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:active , .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783 .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u054051ea3dcd0ddc9bd4acff83e3c783:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History Of Music Education: Greek, Roman And Egyptian Argumentative Essay The French certainly got the upper hand in this attack, killing many of the English soldiers and causing the to retreat. The English never faught in a gorilla warfare manner, but in columns and rows often facing musket and cannon fire. While the French sent troops over to the Americas, the English had 11 war ships waiting for the French to arrive. Not knowing if the French and the English were at war or not, the French pulled along side of the English Dunkirk and asked. The English Dunkirk fired into the French wiping out most of their men. The French had The French and Indian War Essay Example For Students The French and Indian War Essay The French and Indian War Essay was fought on July 9, 1755. This battle took place at Fort Duquesne, in western Pennsylvania, which was one of the many French forts in the Ohio Valley. The fight was between the English army, which was led by General Edward Braddock and the French army, which was led by Captain Beaujeau. The English army included 1,750 British regulars and 450 colonial militia. The French army, which included Indians, included less than 1,000 men. The English army and General Edward Braddock marched through the wilderness towards the French fort, Fort Duquesne. The uniforms that the British wore were easy to see through the forest. They were red and very bright. Some soldiers carried flags, some just marched and carried their guns, some were on horses, and others played music to which the army marched. General Braddock and his British soldiers believed that the right way to fight a battle was to position themselves in an open area. The French and Indians hid behind trees and rocks which was smart because more British bullets hit trees than French and Indian soldiers when the two armies fought. We will write a custom essay on The French and Indian War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ten miles from Fort Duquesne, Captain Beaujeau and his French army made a surprise attack on the English. Most of the British soldiers were killed and injured. While riding horses, General Braddock had four of them shot from under him before he himself was killed. When George Washington was 23 years old, he led the colonial militia on a retreat to safety. Two horses were shot from under him and four bullet holes were found in his coat, but Washington himself was not killed. Category: History .

Free Essays on Mallrats

Mallrats â€Å"Mallrats† is a film which appeared on the scene in . The film was directed by Kevin Smith, the director of such comic masterpieces as â€Å"Clerks†, â€Å"Chasing Amy†, â€Å"Dogma†, and the most recent, â€Å"Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back†. The movie stars Jason Lee, Jeremy London, Shannen Doherty, Claire Forlani, Michael Rooker, Ben Affleck, Renee Humphrey, and Ethan Suplee. Kevin Smith makes his usual appearance as Silent Bob, and Jason Mewes returns as pothead Jay. The plot is basically this: twentysomethings T.S. (London) and Brodie (Lee) have just been broken up with by their girlfriends. T.S. has planned a trip for months to Florida, but his girlfriend Brandi (Forlani) has other ideas†¦ She is to appear on a local game show produced by her father, (who hates T.S. with a passion) Mr. Svenning (Michael Rooker). The show is to be broadcast live from the mall. Brodie, on the other hand, gets dumped by his girlfriend Rene (Doherty) because she is tired of Brodie’s obsession with comic books and video games and lack of affection. T.S. and Brodie decide to go to the mall because Brodie wants to get comic books and T.S. wants revenge. Though the film was set in New Jersey, the majority of the action was shot at a mall in Eden Prairie, Minnesota. Once T.S. and Brodie get to the mall, they stumble upon an array of strange, hilarious characters. The first person they meet up with is Willem (Suplee), who is obsessed with seeing the hidden picture in a Magic Eye print. He literally spends the entire day at the mall staring at one picture, hoping to see a sailboat. The next person they come upon is Shannon (Affleck), a stuck-up bastard who works at a store called â€Å"The Fashionable Male†. Shannon ends up stealing Rene from Brodie as the movie progresses. The next person they come upon is Trisha (Humphrey), who is a fifteen-year-old genius. She is in the process of writing a book about male sexual patterns... Free Essays on Mallrats Free Essays on Mallrats Mallrats â€Å"Mallrats† is a film which appeared on the scene in . The film was directed by Kevin Smith, the director of such comic masterpieces as â€Å"Clerks†, â€Å"Chasing Amy†, â€Å"Dogma†, and the most recent, â€Å"Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back†. The movie stars Jason Lee, Jeremy London, Shannen Doherty, Claire Forlani, Michael Rooker, Ben Affleck, Renee Humphrey, and Ethan Suplee. Kevin Smith makes his usual appearance as Silent Bob, and Jason Mewes returns as pothead Jay. The plot is basically this: twentysomethings T.S. (London) and Brodie (Lee) have just been broken up with by their girlfriends. T.S. has planned a trip for months to Florida, but his girlfriend Brandi (Forlani) has other ideas†¦ She is to appear on a local game show produced by her father, (who hates T.S. with a passion) Mr. Svenning (Michael Rooker). The show is to be broadcast live from the mall. Brodie, on the other hand, gets dumped by his girlfriend Rene (Doherty) because she is tired of Brodie’s obsession with comic books and video games and lack of affection. T.S. and Brodie decide to go to the mall because Brodie wants to get comic books and T.S. wants revenge. Though the film was set in New Jersey, the majority of the action was shot at a mall in Eden Prairie, Minnesota. Once T.S. and Brodie get to the mall, they stumble upon an array of strange, hilarious characters. The first person they meet up with is Willem (Suplee), who is obsessed with seeing the hidden picture in a Magic Eye print. He literally spends the entire day at the mall staring at one picture, hoping to see a sailboat. The next person they come upon is Shannon (Affleck), a stuck-up bastard who works at a store called â€Å"The Fashionable Male†. Shannon ends up stealing Rene from Brodie as the movie progresses. The next person they come upon is Trisha (Humphrey), who is a fifteen-year-old genius. She is in the process of writing a book about male sexual patterns...

Reflective Log Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Reflective Log - Essay Example What it takes to come up with rules and regulations to cater for the every dying environment. Moreover, this reflection log is my personal statement regarding the course material. Environmental management is very significant. By appreciating what is around us, we gain the understanding of nature and thus implement policies to protect the environment. Moreover, we are able to come up with environmental laws that are not only meant to govern one nation, but they are universal for the entire globe. However, environmental management and laws differ from one region to another. Furthermore, the difference is for the good of the surrounding. On the other hand, the course has enabled me to recognize that each and every one is responsible for taking care of the environment. The participants of environmental management are not only those who come up with the rules and regulations, but everyone because our future generation’s quality of life will be dependent upon the current measures implemented to protect the environment. In addition, the core values in environment based upon creating shared value, standards and monitoring is very essential for environmental sustainability and management. This implies that before coming up with these values, it is of importance to recognize and evaluate the issues affecting the environment. More so, appreciate the current issues for instance, how the transport sector can be improved to avoid endangering the environment. Furthermore, to assess the global environmental challenges towards sustainable environmental sustainability. Therefore, without doubts, environmental management is very essential for the progress of a nation and the entire globe. In conclusion, this course has enriched the level of my knowledge academically. I have gained critical thinking skills on how to analyze to view a problem and come up with the solutions. Additionally, I am more informed than ever on all that pertains

Definition paper. The word is Honor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Definition paper. The word is Honor - Essay Example variety of reasons like courage, good works, self-sacrifice and many others; though the word can also be attributed to things which are considered sacred and to gods. Respect is an equal of dignity, the value of a person to another. Being an abstract word, honor is quite difficult to explain although there are synonyms that one can use to let the word be expounded on. Probably the easiest way to understand the word honor is to point out to its value through the actions, words or other manifestations. It is like explaining the presence of air. One can not really hold air and show it to another person to let the other understand its meaning or see how it looks like. Proving there is air is done by pointing out to its effects, showing the tree move in response to the presence of air. The same method is utilized in this quest to define the word honor or honour. Honor held by a person can be seen through other people’s response to his presence. An honored man, when he speaks is taken not on a light mood but considered to speak like a god, having the authority over others, the confidence and attention of his listeners because of what is known about him. Integrity is most often the product of similar abstract things like goodness, love for others, kindness, endurance, care, hard work, determination, and other values or concepts of worthiness. Hard work may be rewarded with the honor of a position in an office. For instance, a clerk who works hard to gain the favor of his employers can be promoted to a higher level where he can enjoy more pay and more benefits as a consequence of his employers’ confidence in him because of his performance. There are also distinctions which are not brought by the hard work and confidence directly effected by the person. For instance, a prince can inherit the reputation bestowed upon his father, be coming the king next to his father after his death. Money which is one of the things that draw the respect of others can also be inherited

Comparison-contrast essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison-contrast - Essay Example In his article, Staffo presents an insightful discussion about interscholastic athletics. Although he acknowledges that interscholastic athletics is a good initiative that can positively contribute to the life of students, he says that it has not been used to instill educational values in learners as it ought to be. According to his research, the goals f scholastic athletics are no longer important to the school administration, teachers and students. Today, scholastic athletics has become a tool for propagating violence, unhealthy competition and encouragement of the domination of teachers over the student body. Similar sentiments are echoed by Pietrofesa and Rosen who traces the development of violence and criminal activities in athletics amongst the professional athletes, high school and college students. The other similarity in the articles is that they both give recommendations on how violence and other criminal activities in athletics can be resolved. To Staffo, the best thing to do is to stop perceiving scholastic athletics as a tool for competition. Being that students are encouraged to participate in athletics so as to defeat their opponent makes them grow up as bad citizens who can do anything at whatever cost to out do their opponents. Besides, both the scholars argue that it is upon the physical educators and coaches to ensure that they provide the necessary counseling skills on their athletes. Better still, team managers should offer periodical lectures on athletes so as to teach them on the benefits of refraining from violence and any other form of violence that can derail them from continuing with their athletics activities. However, despite these similarities, the articles have lots of differences. First, while Interscholastic Sports Msdirected? Misguided? Misnomer? is mainly concerned about high school athletics, Strategies for reducing criminal violence among

National Kidney Foundation Leadership

National Kidney Foundation Leadership In 2005, National Kidney Foundation faced a leadership crisis that raised many public issues that became the subject of much scrutiny. A public issue is any issue that is of mutual concern to an organization and one or more of its stakeholders. With regards to National Kidney Foundation (NKF), both the organization and its stakeholders were concerned over the issue of funds being misused, a lack of transparency and the lack of enforcement of laws internally. The emergence of these issues has not only raised media attention but also became the subject of much controversy. It has resulted in public backlash and has definitely shaken public confidence in charitable organizations. The main ethical issue which surfaced was NKFs misuse and mismanagement of the funds primarily donated by the public. As a non-profit organization, NKFs public mission was to help needy patients. Though they were effective in using both the media and campaigns to garner donations to support their cause, these funds were misused. As stated in the case study, trials revealed that the claims made by an article published in the Straits Times in 2004, about NKFs Chief Executive Officer, T T Durai alluding to wastefulness and extravagance were in fact true. There was excessive spending made by T T Durai such as a gold tap that had been installed in the executive bathroom and personal luxuries including a fleet of eight cars that came together with company drivers. In addition, given that TT Durai was entitled business class flight by SIA, as a trustee over donors money, Durai should get best value on a business class seat instead of using it for first class on another plane (NKF v SPH: Cou rt Transcript for July 11th 2005 Morning Session). Instead of using the funds for the right purposes such as to help NKFs patients, T T Durai had misappropriately used the funds for his personal wants. Another major issue to be discussed is the lack of transparency with regards to being accountable on how NKFs funds collected from donors were utilised. There was a lack of a transparent system in documenting managment minutes at NKF. The meeting minutes was an important documentation reflecting the discussions and decisions of how NKFs funds should be utilised. The fact that it went missing may have given the public the impression that NKF was negligent in its duties. When the funds of the NKF were not properly accounted for, the public become skeptical and doubtful of NKF. People start to lose trust in the NKF as they become suspicious that NKF is just another bourgeois conspiracy. Corporate governance refers to the process by which a company is controlled, or governed. In having systems of internal governance that determine the overall strategic direction and balance conflicting interests that may arise, such is crucial to the organizations performance. In helping to establish an effective internal governance structure, the board members play a central role. They are responsible for setting missions and aims that take into account stakeholder interests, develop comprehensive policies and appointing a committee of top-level personnel to execute these policies. However, in NKFs case, the lack of a enforcement of policies within the internal governance structure among the Board members has led to repercussions. The actions of the Board members have contributed to these problems. Under the Executive Committee, approval of proposals were made by default without seeking the overall consensus of the board. Furthermore, the audit committee failed to receive necessary the necessary support from the EC and fellow members in implementing necessary internal control measures. As such, negligence from each department snowballed into an undesirable consequence that the NKF had to bear. Due to the fact that there was insufficient discipline in part by each committee, these were the main contributing factors to the problems. In addition, NKF provided no avenues for the public to give constructive feedback to improve its performance. Essentially, the failure of the Board members to employ good corporate governance had brought to light serious concerns over Durais fund raising strategies. Despite NKFs mischief, its fund raising strategies were very efficient . As a non-profit organization, NKFs main aim was to look after its patients and encompassed drawing resources from society to contribute back to society as a whole. To do this, NKF has successfully employed an interactive stance in engagement with the public to raise funds for charity. The introduction of the NKF live charity show since 1994 incorporated stunts performed by foreign and local celebrities in exchange for donations. Such a method was effective as they appealed to the public, raising $4.5 million in 1994 which slowly grew to $16.8 million in the 2004 show. This suggests that NKFs fund raising strategies were effective as they involved enthusiasm in adopting creative and innovative methods to genuinely raise funds for the greater good of patients. It was through these funds raised that patients benefited tremendously. Optimists have also supported Durais fund raising strategies as NKF has successfully reached out to different segments of the community, both the young and old. Besides having a charity show where the public can pledge their support, these additional strategies include using telemarketing techniques to recruit and retain donors, coupled with the recruitment of students and National Servicemen to raise funds via pledge cards. These initiatives illustrate Durais inherent motivation in garnering increased donations for its patients. By promoting its fund raising strategies through different avenues, this helped NKF to reach out to a wider spectrum of people, targeting the public from different age and backgrounds. Applying a two pronged approach, Durais fund raising strategies can also be applauded for having long term vision. He realized that besides the direct implementation of policies to raise funds, what was needed for NKF to garner substantial funds was to build its brand image. Under his helm, NKF increased its brand image locally by implementing a complimentary Cabby Health Screening Program and engaging local media channels through programs such as Health Maters. Through these, there was an emphasis that NKF strictly enforces a non-discriminatory approach when it comes to raising awareness about the disease in that every individual, regardless of background could be susceptible to the disease. Its network of dialysis centres was also expanded, providing accessible and affordable healthcare to the public. In the international arena, Durai strived to increase brand recognition by getting endorsement from public and international leaders and having their success story written by credible sources. NKFs programs were also promoted via renowned Brazillian soccer legend, Pele. Forward planning in directly raising funds and increasing brand image has thus helped NKF encourage a larger recognition of its practices and consequently, a substantial pool of donations. However, critics have argued that such fund raising techniques are too aggressive and have deviated from the motto of its organisation. Although NKF recruited the younger generation to raise funds through pledge cards, this was not done purely out of goodwill but in exchange for monetary incentives. Similarly, by consciously seeking and obtaining endorsements from public and international leaders as well as the employment of credible sources to write their success stories, their reputation and credibility is in question. Although these acts ultimately increase the brand recognition of the foundation, which is crucial to the attraction of donors, they display NKFs aggressiveness and possible misdirection in their techniques. Although important, a charitable non-profit organisations branding is fundamentally secondary to its mission and purpose. The deontology approach is defined as the approach to ethics that focuses on the good and evil of the act alone, not necessarily the outcome. Using the deontology approach, T T Durai may be deem as unethical as the intent to fundraise may be a misrepresentation of the NKF and therefore deceiving the public to donate more. In this aspect, his fund raising strategies are unethical as the means differ from what is advocated by the company. Setting executive compensation is one important function of the Board members. In NKFs case, the lack of corporate governance has also caused Durais compensation package to be the subject of much controversy. With the ongoing issues associated with NKF, cynics have felt that the compensation package remunerated to Durai was excessive. Durai was paid bonuses ranging between 4 months and 12 months which was not what one would expect to receive considering that he is working in a charitable organisation. Prima Facie, although his bonuses may seem to be over evaluated, Durai is not overpaid as he deserves to be rewarded for the outstanding results he achieved for NKF. In building NKFs brand image and employing successful fund raising techniques, Durai managed to increase the amount of donations that were raised through the NKF charity show from $4.5 million in 1994 to $16.8 million in 2004. Under his leadership, he was also awarded the Public Service Bar by the Singaporean government in 1992 for his contribution to NKF and expanded NKFs network of dialysis centres for its patients. Thus, from the perspective of distributive justice, the benefit of Durai being highly paid is ethical as much of the success of NKF was due to Durais tremendous efforts. In relation to the average salary other top executives are paid, Durai is not overpaid as his salary of $25,000 a month coincides with what individuals holding top management positions are paid. Furthermore, Tan Choo Leng, wife of former Prime Minister Goh Chong Tong commented that Durais salary was peanuts compared with the donations the high-flyer raised for the organization. [1] This suggests that based on his contributions towards NKF, Durai, such a high salary is justified and will provide an incentive for motivation to increase NKFs performance. In relation to Durais compensation package, there will always be differing views and there is no right or wrong to it. The reason why individuals feel that Durai may be overpaid may be due to the fact that NKF is a non-profit organization that should not be so concerned with profits. Perhaps, NKF should consider the views of the public, compare the salary of top managers with those of average employees and quantify the efforts of the management relative to their remunerations. In light of the 2005 NKF saga and its various spin-offs that have dominated the domestic news, there are several changes that can be adopted so that the same problems would not happen again. Essentially, there is a need for proper governance to ensure that corporate objectives are established, stakeholder interests are protected and the managements performance in check. In proposing the possible changes that could be adopted, analysis of the Stakeholder Map is imperative to determine the various positions of the stakeholders in terms of salience and position on the issues put forth earlier. Through stakeholders reactions to these issues, it is useful in determining possible changes that are crucial to ensure that NKFs decisions and actions are in line with stakeholders interests, to prevent such problems in the future. With collaborative involvement with these key stakeholders, the possibility of problems arising would be reduced as well. * * For Position on the issue Salience refers to how important an issue is, or how much attention it brings to NKF. When stakeholders have salience, they usually have power to assert a large impact on NKF, urgency in demanding NKF to do something about the issues or legitimacy which refers to the level of appropriateness of the stakeholders actions towards the issues. In the above stakeholder map, the public have the highest salience on the issue as they have high urgency and legitimacy. Since the funds of NKF are primarily contributed by the public, strong violations from these donors over the issue of misuse of funds would warrant much media attention. In proposing the possible changes that could be made, NKF needs to recognize that they are not able to operate independently. The survivability and performance of NKF then hinges on its effectiveness in engaging with varied stakeholders and recognizing their interests, especially the public. By aligning the publics interests with NKFs objectives, this would prevent the widening of the performance expectations gap, reducing the likelihood of these problems re-occurring. Hence, one area that could be improved on is information transparency and disclosure to the public. Steps should be taken to ensure transparency where there is communication to ensure involvement of the public. The public should be informed on new developments either through press conferences or releases. The companys financial activity should also be made known to the public with clear intentions, and certified by known accounting firms. This can be done through regular emails or letters that are sent out to donors or invitations to annual general meetings so that the public can contribute their views. By being accountable for the funds, the public would be more informed on how the funds received by NKF are spent, increasing the reliability of NKF. This would increase their confidence in donating towards NKF. Fostering a stronger relationship with the public will also help to reap benefits for NKF. NKF should reach out in engaging the general public through social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to provide the public with the opportunity to voice out their opinions on company decisions. Such an interaction will allow NKF to draw upon the publics reactions and societal expectations to further boost NKFs reputation. By constantly updating these platforms with information or messages NKF wishes to convey to the public, this helps in the publics understanding of what NKF is doing. Beyond that, the public will also feel reassured that their interests are considered, building support for NKFs practices. Besides the public, the employees of NKF have low salience as they have been obscured on these issues. Due to the nature of their job, individual influence on any decision-making by the board is minimal. However, they must realise that they play a part on the issues revolving NKFs misconducts. By turning a blind eye to the misdeeds mentioned above or worse, taking part in it, these employees accommodate the problem and only allows it to escalate further. They must realise, that themselves being part of the organisation, they have a responsibility to act against any deviation from the mission of the foundation and a collective effort can prevent the history from repeating itself. Therefore, employees can have high salience if they collaborated and worked together, ensuring that the organization does not stray away from its core values. Upon futher analysis of the stakeholder map in relation to the employees of NKF, policies should also be employed to better ensure the organizations governing structure. For example, a system based on adequate internal controls should be introduced. In the instance of NKF, it is evident that there was a failure to adhere to internal audit controls as it was stated that the audit committee was to meet every 3 months to review audit plans and evaluate the adequacy of the internal control systems but they had never met. Furthermore, the committee failed to implement recommendations spelt out by internal auditors due to lack of support. Thus, NKF should outsource its internal audits to external auditors from independent accounting firms. Having such an unbiased third party ensures that corporate governance is enhanced as there is impartiality with regards to NKFs auditing processes. Although adoption of stringent practices may incur high costs, it is worth the investment to prevent the future misuse of funds. Such a practice would ensure that there is a system of checks to ensure funds are managed in line with the organizations mission, preventing financial lapses in the future. The members of the board should also only contain a few members that are current managers of NKF. The remaining members should be independent in the sense that they have no connection whatsoever to the corporation other than being a Board member. These members should either be appointed or elected by shareholders. In addition, the performance of each member should be reviewed regularly to assess if they were competent enough in assuming their responsibilities. Although NKFs Board members were volunteers who served in the belief that every member was acting in the best interests of the foundation, they normally approved proposals by default instead of through collective decision making. This meant that decisions were not made on a consensus basis but based on a hierarchal structure with the CEO having the dominant say, which resulted in the problems aforementioned. With a board comprising various key stakeholders, both internally and externally, greater transparency will be present an d the individual interests of major stakeholders will not be compromised. With greater transparency, the public would be assured that NKF has no intentions of hiding certain facts but are assuming their responsibilities. In moving forward to ensure that the NKF operates in an accountable and transparent manner, the initiative to align every committee members and employees responsibilities to NKFs mission is crucial. The Board members, together with the Chief Executive Officer have a responsibility to set future directions for the organization. The issues that surfaced at NKF were evidently due to the lack of governance in ensuring that stringent measures were implemented to ensure committees were compliant. Hence, the top management should incorporate regular discussions to remind employees of NKFs prime objectives, review performance and set new directions and foster team spirit in meeting these goals. NKF can also seek to provide employees with more say in broad decision making. Employees must also be made aware the channels for whistling and encouraged to flag when they feel that things are not right. By doing so, this will enforce that employees have a common and clear knowledge of the companys p ractices. It is evident from the stakeholder map that the government has high salience pertaining to these issues due to power in asserting a large impact. The opinions of the government on NKF will greatly impact the reactions and actions of the public and thus, should not be neglected. In hindsight, having a sound internal governing structure is the first step in preventing the future problems from occurring. The NKF saga was a result of a lack of accountability and mismanagement of funds which was further intensified as NKF was not transparent about meeting the publics interest and allocating the funds in the best possible manner. While the interest and needs of stakeholders are ever changing, NKFs attempts in balancing the varying interests and aligning them in the organizations direction is of utmost importance. This can only be achieved with good corporate governance.In doing so, the successful operation of NKF will establish trust within the government and translate to a win-win situation for both NKF and its stakeholders.

Female Discrimination In The Labor Force Essay -- Gender Discriminatio

Female Discrimination in the Labor Force   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the past decades there has been a dramatic increase in the number of women participating in the labor force. This expansion has unfortunately shown how women are still being treated as inferior citizens when comparing their wages and the jobs they are hired for to that of men. Many women in similar occupations as men, and having the same qualifications are only paid a fraction of what their male counterparts are paid. The only reasonable explanation that can be found for this income gap is discrimination. This unfair treatment shown throughout the handouts illustrate how far people still have to go before equal treatment becomes standard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The increase in female participation started occurring during the 1970's. The number of women in the civilian labor force jumped from 23 million in the 1960's to 31 million in the 1970's. This leap would continue and increase in the 1980's and on into the 1990's. The result, in 1995, is a female labor force that numbers over 60 million. This comprised 46 percent of the civilian work force (10).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A reason for the rise in participation by women may be in the way women saw marriage and children. Fewer women saw marriage as a settling down. Women who had children began to return to their jobs. The number of working women that were either married or had children or both increased dramatically. In 1965, women with children under 18 years of age numbered 35.0 percent of the labor force. This number increased to 47.4 percent in 1975. In ten years it was 62.1 percent and finally in 1995 it had grown to 69.7 percent (7). This showed that the female attitude towards having children and marriage has changed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the handouts, in 1970 women were paid poorly when compared to their male counterparts. The female worker had a median yearly earning of 19, 101 dollars. This was only 59.4 percent of what the males made. This does start to change in the 1980's as female earnings rose to 60.2 percent of men's. Five years later it had reached 64.6 percent. By 1990, the female's earnings had risen to 71.6 percent of what a man would make (2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women in the workplace have always been discriminated against. Ever since the first women started to work... ... that women were in some way not as accomplished or competent as men. Yet, a more in depth investigation would show that women are just as qualified, if not more so, than men. A principal of equal pay for equal work should be employed by all businesses and would definitely close the income gap.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most people want to correct the unequal treatment of women in the work force. One method that can be used to support equality would be to introduce a federal legislation to guarantee equal pay for equal work if there isn't one already. The logistical problem with this solution though would be great. How would people measure the value of one person's work to another's? Who would decide this and how would it be implemented? Much still has to be done before this important issue is laid to rest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People's attitudes towards women in the work force is slowly starting to change. More opportunities are appearing for women workers. The unequal treatment of working women will take years to change, but change is occurring. This topic will remain until the day people are treated and paid equally based upon their abilities and not anything else.

Teaching Assistant

Describe How You Might Contribute To a Lesson Given To a Group Of Seven Year Old Children Learning To Play Percussion Instruments? As a Teaching Assistant supervising a group of seven year olds who are to learn to play musical instruments, I would first make sure these instruments are available, clean, safe and ready to be used for this lesson. Any music sheets related to playing must be prepared and available in the classroom in advance. During the lesson I would supervise the children using the instruments and check they are using them correctly and are not messing about with them, and causing any damage to themselves, anyone else or the equipment. Pupils who have difficulties playing or holding the instruments must be supported. It is important to be a good role model by showing children how to hold and play with these instruments. I should make sure all the children follow my instructions, repeat my instructions and focus on me while I am demonstrating the instrument. At the end of the lesson I would check that the instruments are still in good condition and encourage children to put equipment away tidy and safely. During the lesson I can monitor the class and then make an observations written report that can help track the activity, behaviour, difficulties, preferences, cognitive skills and progress of each child. 2. What might be your role in organizing, using and maintaining the learning resources, materials and equipment? My role as a Teaching Assistant in this lesson, regarding organization and material, is to ensure everything is ready for the lesson before starting it. All the material should be checked for safety, hygiene, cleanliness, good state and put in the right place as agreed by the teacher. It is important to maintain a complete and accurate inventory of resources. To be able to conduct these the teaching assistant should find out from the teacher what their role is and what responsibilities they have when it comes to the organisation of the learning environment. I would encourage pupils to return materials to the correct place after they have been used. I may have to dispose of any waste and redundant resources safely and always looking for opportunities to recycle materials and equipment. I should prepare and set out learning resources in line with the preparation requirements given by the teacher. When the lesson is finished, I must ensure that each material is back to original place, and it’s not broken or damaged. Any marks should be reported to the teacher.

Jingle Shell Description and Profile

Jingle Shell Description and Profile If you find a thin, shiny shell while walking on the beach, it might be a  jingle shell.  Jingle shells are shiny  mollusks  that got their name because they produce a bell-like sound when several shells are shaken together. These shells are also called Mermaids toenails, Neptunes toenails, toenail shells, gold shells and saddle oysters. They may wash up in large numbers on beaches after storms.    Description Jingle shells (Anomia simplex) are an organism that attaches to something hard, like wood, a shell, a rock or a boat. They are sometimes mistaken for slipper shells, which also attach to a hard substrate. However, slipper shells have only one shell (also called a valve), while  jingle shells have two. This makes them bivalves, which means they are related to other two-shelled animals such as mussels, clams, and scallops. The shells of this organism are very thin, almost translucent. However, they are very strong. Like mussels,  jingle shells attach using byssal threads. These threads are secreted by a gland located near the  jingle shells foot. They then protrude through a hole in the bottom shell and attach to the hard substrate.   The shell of these organisms takes on the shape of the substrate upon which they attach (for example, a  jingle shell attached to a bay scallop will have ridged shells also). Jingle shells are relatively small - their shells can grow to about 2-3 across. They can be a variety of colors, including white, orange, yellow, silver and black. The shells have a rounded edge but are generally irregular in shape. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: MolluscaClass: BivalviaSubclass:  PteriomorphiaOrder:  PectinoidaFamily: AnomiidaeGenus: AnomiaSpecies: simplex Habitat, Distribution, and Feeding Jingle shells are found along the eastern coast of North America, from Nova Scotia, Canada south to Mexico, Bermuda, and Brazil. They live in relatively shallow water less than 30 feet deep. Jingle shells are filter feeders. They eat plankton by filtering water through their gills, where cilia remove the prey. Reproduction Jingle shells reproduce sexually through spawning. There are usually male and female jingle shells, but occasionally individuals are hermaphroditic. They release gametes into the water column, appearing to spawn in the summertime. Fertilization occurs within the mantle cavity. The young hatch as planktonic larvae that live in the water column before settling to the ocean bottom. Conservation and Human Uses The meat of  jingle shells is very bitter, so they are not harvested for food. They are considered common and have not been evaluated for conservation action. Jingle shells are often collected by beachgoers. They can be made into wind chimes,  jewelry, and other items.   References and Further Information Bouchet, P.; Huber, M.; Rosenberg, G. 2014.  Anomia simplex  dOrbigny, 1853.  Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species, December 21, 2014.Brousseau, D.J. 1984. Reproductive cycle of  Anomia simplex  (Pelecypoda, Anomiidae) from Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Veliger 26(4): 299-304.Coulombe, D. A. 1992. Seaside Naturalist: A Guide to Study at the Seashore. Simon Schuster. 246 pp.Martinez, A. J. 2003. Marine Life of the North Atlantic. AquaQuest Publications, Inc.: New York.The University of Rhode Island.  Jingle Shell (Anomia simplex). Accessed December 19, 2014.

Comparison of Athens and Sparta essays

Comparison of Athens and Sparta essays Comparing Athens and Sparta is like comparing heaven to hell. One of the the few similarities which Athens and Sparta share is that both of the cities are located in the same country, Greece. Greece is a mountainous peninsula that closely resembles in size the state of Louisiana. Because of the mountains which Greece contains, independent communities were formed which eventually became states and a growing civilizations. Athens first became a city-state; and was ruled by a king. In 500 b.c. the Classical Age of Greece flourished. Athens was influence by the arts. It was a growing society that love knowledge and searched for reason in everything. Athenian based there life around philosophy (love of wisdom) and arts. As a young man you could get a good education and could pursue any of several kinds of arts or sciences. You could serve in the army or navy, but you didn't have to. Athens was a polytheistic society. Young women were married at the age of 14. Women were aloud to participate in religious events only. Many of todays greatest philosophers of all time were influenced from Athens, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. In the Athens society all citizens were treated equal. Women and slaves excluded from being citizens. At the beginning of the seventh century, Athens became controlled by aristocrats, eventually becoming an oligarchy. Around the end of the seventh century the Athenian society began falling rapidly. Greed over came many of the rich aristocrats which controlled the majority of the land. In 594 b.c. a man who many like was put in control, Solomon. Though Solomon tried his best to rebuild Athens in to a grand community, the aristocrats simply would not support this transformation. Around 560 b.c. Pisistratus an aristocrat came into control of the Athenian empire. Pisistratus was not well like and Athens became a tyranny. Eventually the people of Athens put an end to the tyranny in 560 b....

Vertisols Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vertisols - Essay Example The vertisols are developed from highly basic rocks in places that are moist, subject to inconsistent drought and overflows or to impeded drainage areas. The color of the soil is reliant on the parent material and the climate of the area that contributes to the grey or red soils. The topographic location of vertisols has a wrinkled look formed by a complex arrangement of loads and depressions that emerge due to shrink-swell sequence over longer durations (Syers, et al, 86). The temporal changes in the physical qualities of the vertisols require farmers to have accurate timing and adoption of agricultural practices for good harvests. However, there are other shortfalls that the soils impose on farmers and engineers during the varying seasons, which make them unsuitable for permanent reasons. Vertisols appear in nearly different climatic zones, with Australia having the largest occurrence of the soils. However, arid moisture areas that have limited ustic and xeric zones produce more Vertisols than other regions. Considering this, the seasonal variations in rainfall and temperature are the prerequisites for the development of the soils. This is because they cause weathering of main and secondary resources during wet seasons, but enhance the accumulation of original cations in the dry seasons. It is apparent that places where vertisols develop experience periods of possible evaporation that exceeds precipitation in the dry seasons (Auerswald 510-511). Intense rainfalls cause deep cracks that increase the organic matter contents and carbonates leaching in the soils. The associated climate experiences variations between the cold and dry spells is favorable for the vertisols to endure the effects of one situation. For instance, the cracks formed in the dry periods are rectifi ed when the rains start by making the soil to swell and cover the cracks (Dedousis 116). It implies that the vertisols operate

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Case study - Essay Example Management and control of the economy got remodeled, monetary financial systems were introduced, private banking and hard currency system came into existance, customs regulations were relaxed and there were also attempts to promote foreign trade. All these became part of the new economy. The Revdan enterprise was no more functioning within governmental planning that ensured supply of raw materials and provided marketing facilities. Owing to the collapse of the industrial base of the Commonwealth of Independent States, demand for the products manufactured by Revda declined by upto 80 percent. When Ivan tried to introduce new products using new technologies to get over this, one hurdle he faced was that some technologies could not be handled by the visually disabled. ... 2. Information on the opportunities provided by the changes in the economy can help carry out planning at production and marketing levels. 3. Information on the scope of foreign investment in Revda can help decide upon new avenues of growth 4. Information gathered from an extensive evaluation of the company can help the future planning process. 5. Information on the most successful advertising mix in the new economy will enable effective utilization of money set aside for promotion 6. Information on new technologies and cost-reduction techniques will help redesign the product range and reduce the cost. Q3 Explain (in detail) how you would go about obtaining the information you have identified in q2 Market research is the method by which the data listed in question 2 can be gathered. The research problem will be centered on the marketing failures and challenges faced by the company. A cost-benefit analysis will determine the value of the research as against the cost that goes into it. The value will depend on the degree of newness and hence uncertainty in the environment, the degree of complexity of environment, strategic importance and cost of making wrong decisions, the degree of importance the company attaches to the decisions that have to be made and the caution that cost of research project should never rise above the value of the results. The focus of the research will be to find out consumer demand pattern, new market-savvy technologies, opportunities presented by the changed socio-politico-economic environment, and new and effective marketing strategies for Revda Enterprise. Through obtaining authentic data on these aspects, the objectives of this

Ethnic Views Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethnic Views - Essay Example Settling in a different context would also result to cultural conflict where the dominant group isolates the minorities due to ethnic and other differences. In this text two incidences; the myth of the Latin women and the American dreamer will be explored to portray how cultural conflicts occur and lead to stereotyping. Fredrickson, M. George put forward four models of ethnic relations and how they are embraced as well as their effects on the affected parties. In this case one-way simulation, a model that tries to forcefully integrate the immigrants into the new ways of the native people in America will be analyzed in the two narratives above and the specific cases outlined to relate the cases occurrences with the model as postulated by Fredrickson. The American dreamer The American Dreamer is a narrative of an Indian woman; specifically from the Bengali speaking tribe who went to study in Canada in the 50s only to be met with harsh racial sentiments and highly contrasting cultural p erspectives that makes her to forget her real identity in a confused racial conflict situation. The hierarchical classification society that she was used to was replaced by a contradicting westernized lifestyle that encompasses virtually everything that her cultural background describes as social norms. The westernized ways of life such as 5 minutes wedding in a lawyer’s office was the climax of departure from a well structured cultural that the writer has abandoned and tries to fit in to a different cultural perspective that is not welcoming. This makes the writer and her family to move to the United States, where she becomes a committed immigrant from being detached onlookers that she had been reduced to. The writer later becomes an advocate of integration among cultures and critically discourages the idea of cultural retentions, a view that did not go well with many scholars and especially those of Indian origin who blames her for leaving her culture, and advocating agains t those cultural lines in America. The writer describes America as having a good bill of rights meaning, that there were chances of equal treatment among the cultures with increased advocacy. Analysis From the story above, Fredrickson model of one way assimilation is evident in both the Canadian and the US platforms though on a lesser extent on the latter. One way assimilation recognizes that humans are equal in treatment and rights, but on terms that strictly specify that the native or dominant culture; in this case the American culture is more superior, pure and has to remain unchanged by the immigrants or new cultures from outside the American culture (Frederickson, 635). This was observed when in 1994 when the Florida Lake country School board announces it policy that required that all middle class teachers to instruct their students that American culture, meaning the European-American culture was â€Å"inherently superior† to other foreign or historic cultures. The case of some of Indian born academics in the US campuses appointing themselves as the guardians of the purity of ethnic cultures also portrays a case of one way assimilation, and this explains their disgust with the writer’s efforts. The myth of the Latin woman This case is a case of stereotyping and culture a conflict between a student of the Hispanic origin and the English culture in Britain. The student is humiliated and undergoes psychological torture as the English speakers isolate her due to her Hispanic looks and view her

Health and Safety Project Essay Example for Free

Health and Safety Project Essay This work-based project forms an important part of your training. The aim of this project is to familiarise yourself with your working environment and the Health and Safety issues that arise in your placement. On completion you should: Understand the structure your organisation’s; and your role in it Understand the importance of Health and Safety at work Understand the legal requirements of Health and Safety at work Know your organization’s health, hygiene and accident procedures To complete this assignment you may need to make notes in before filling in the information. Take your time and carefully answer every question as fully as possible; the more you write the more criteria you will meet. If you need any help please speak to your workplace supervisor, your colleagues, your College tutor or your Training Co-ordinator. Describe your placement, e.g. busy town/country, client group (age, culture, special needs): The site that Oakland’s is situated on was once the site of the old Parcroft Juniors School, which was torn down and rebuilt with the merger of the Westfield Infant’s. The newly reformed school was named after the old oak tree, which still stands on the grounds of the school and has done for 300 years. So it was only fitting that the school was named Oakland’s, and when you talk to past pupils who attended Parcroft, they always fondly remember playing marbles or chase under the oak trees branches. Oakland’s Primary School is based within the busy town of Yeovil and is situated between Preston Grove, Linden Road and Summerleaze Park. It is a modern High Tec school with all the modern facilities you would expect. The school was built on one level giving easy access to all able bodied and  unable bodied pupils alike to attend the school. The building is quiet self efficient and generates its own electric with solar panels, has under floor heating to heat the school throughout and even the lights run on sensors to turn on and off when you enter and exit a room. Each classroom is fitted with large touch screen boards, which the teachers can run from their laptops giving them a huge range of access to a wide range of teaching resources, enhancing the pupils learning to the up most and keeping them interactive with their learning. Roughly 420 pupils attend the school, ranging from the ages of 4 years up to 11 years old. The school uniform is a purple jumper with the school emblem of an Oak Tree, white sweatshirts, grey trousers or skirts and black shoes. Each of the 14 classes within the school has been named after an animal, giving each class its own identity, including a mascot. There is also four teams throughout the school, which is used within each classroom and the children are encourage to win team points for their team so that at the end of the school year their team can win the team cup. This helps with the pupils taking pride in their achievements and to try hard to earn a point. There are many facilities within the school and on the surrounding grounds of the school, these include: The I.C.T suite where the children learn how to use computers, from word processing to using the internet safely. The school hall which is used for weekly assemblies, indoor sports activities, and even the Christmas nativity plays. The music room which is full of many different musical instruments, letting the pupils express themselves and learn about music. The fully equipped cookery room were the pupils learn about healthy eating and different foods from around the world. This is also where the breakfast club is held every morning. Then there is Forest school which is held in a purpose built log cabin surrounded by trees and a wildlife garden. This is where pupils go for environmental studies, to learn about insects, plants, animals and the environment. The Outdoor facilities include several outside learning areas that are used throughout the day depending on weather. There are also extensive fields, several play areas and two activity play areas. Oakland’s Primary also offers a large range of activities and clubs after school, which range from performance arts, music, sports, computer clubs and gardening clubs. There is also a holiday care  scheme which offers families affordable, childcare. Within Oakland’s there is also an Autism Base which is known as Peacocks Class. This based within it’s own sector of the school’s main building and is solely run by the council and has its own staff. The base consists of two teaching areas, two sensory rooms, a kitchen, a toilet and its own outside area. Non-Statutory requirements (in your workplace) What is the ratio of adults to children? In Foundation and Key Stage One the ratio of adults to children is 1 to 10 In Key Stage Two the ratio of adults to children is 1 to 15 Are the ratios different in any other room at work; if yes please give details? Yes in the Autism base the ratio of adult to children is different. Statutory requirements What are the statutory requirements regarding adult: child ratios? The EYFS states that the adult to child ratio within classes with children over the age of three should be 1 Adult to 13 Children. But must be a qualified teacher, or hold a relevant level 6 qualification. It also states that there should also be at least one other member of staff within the classroom that holds a level 3 qualification. However if the teacher is absent from the classroom then the ratio requirements change and it is recommended that it should be 1 Adult to 8 Children. But must hold a level qualification and the other staff within the classroom should hold a level 2 qualification. On school trips the ratios change again dependent on the type of trip. Also these can change when dependant on certain circumstances and other factors, which could Include if any of the pupils have special educational needs or medical needs. It can also be altered depending on the experience and competence of the staff attending the trip, including the number of first aiders going along. It is recommended that the ratios should follow: 1:6 for years 1 to 3, 1:10 for years 4 to 6, and 1: 15 / 20 for years 7 upwards. Why are these necessary? To make sure that the children are being educated and taken care of correctly and are under the supervision of qualified staff members. What are the statutory requirements regarding space? Class sizes: Schools must make sure that children aged between 5 years and 7 years aren’t taught in classes of more than 30 pupils. There is no legal limit for pupils aged 8 years and over. Why is this necessary? So that schools do not have oversized classes, as then the children do not get the attention they need to learn. Organisation and Structure of the Workplace Every organisation or business has its own basic structure of management. Each manager is responsible for those in their department. The structure can be set out like a pyramid. Responsibilities may differ. Please identify all staff roles and responsibilities; highlighting your own: Governors They school governors are responsible for working with the school to ensure that it delivers a good quality education. Head Teacher Has overall responsibility for the school, its staff, its pupils and the education they receive. Deputy Head Teacher Plays a major role in managing the school, particularly in the absence of the head teacher. Is also responsible for a curriculum area and specific areas of the school management, delegated to them by the Head Teacher. Inclusion Leader The special educational needs coordinator is responsible for day to day provisions for pupils with special educational needs. NQT Mentor They are responsible for the Newly Qualified Teachers, and are there to give support and guidance when needed. Foundation Stage Leader Responsible for children in foundation stage, leading the foundation team of teachers and teaching assistants. KS1 Leader To manage Key Stage 1 team of teachers and teaching assistants. KS2 Leader To manage Key Stage 2 team of teachers and teaching assistants. Phase Leaders Responsible for co-ordinating and motivating staff and children in their allocated phase to ensure high levels of achievement. Teachers Are responsible to plan, prepare and lessons to meet the needs of all their pupils in their care. Setting and marking work and recording pupil’s development as necessary. But also within Oakland’s each teacher is responsible for an area of the curriculum, such as; A curriculum coordinator for Numeracy, which makes them responsible for the leadership and management of the subject. Teaching Assistants To assist the classroom teacher to prepare for lessons such as resources that are required, or to put out equipment at the start of the lesson. To support the teacher in the day to day running of the classroom from up keeping data files, cataloguing resources, maintaining inventories, and photocopying. Undertaking learning activities with a small group of children, who may need extra support. Lunchtime Supervisors They look after the children during lunchtime breaks, so that most of the staff members are able to take their breaks. They take the children who have school dinners to the schools canteen, they also look after the pupils who bring pack lunch. Within one of their classroom or outside weather permitting. They are also first aid trained and look after the children whilst playing outside. Administration Staff There is a wide range of job roles within this department of the school, ranging from: First point of contact for the school either by telephone, email or face to face. Diary management for the Head teacher or departmental leaders Issue visitor passes where necessary and maintain signing in and out books Maintain data bases and filing systems Prepare correspondence and collect fees To contact parent/guardians for specific reasons when requested by staff and to request for collection of sick children on behalf of the staff. And many more jobs besides Site Staff Maintain the school, deal with cleaning, maintenance of equipment and the school building. Catering Staff Cater for the pupils and staff that eat within the canteen, with healthy food within their budget. Volunteers Helping within the school, with assisting the classroom teacher with tasks such as listening to pupils read, taking part on school trips and helping out at school fairs. List the things you have agreed with your employer that you are prohibited from doing: Entering the Autism base, Administering first aid to a pupil this must be done by a qualified first aider. What breaks are you entitled to? When working a full day within the school – from 8.45am to 3pm I am entitled to an hour for lunch. Though on occasions I may be required to cover a lunchtime supervisor duty, which then I will be allocated an hour within the afternoon. This is the same for break times, we are entitled to take the break ourselves or we may be asked to supervise. If you are unhappy with a health safety issues what would you do? I would have to report this to the site service manager or to the deputy head teacher Risk Assessments Has your placement got a risk assessment policy? Yes – Every school and workplace must have a risk assessment policy. Where is it kept? Within the Administration Office Who has access to it? The HSE, The Governors, The Head Teacher, staff members and parents How often are they reviewed and why is this necessary? It is reviewed on a yearly basis unless any changes have to be implemented within the school. Then the risk assessment will be reviewed as a part of the process. Such as recently the school has had some staff members trained in manual lifting and so the risk assessment has to be updated for this new procedure within the school. Give an example of a risk assessment you have done and why? When reading with the foundation children one to one they have a tendency to swing on their chair. This has risks of the chair flipping backwards and the child following which in turn could cause harm to themselves. So I have had to ask them to sit properly and not to swing on their chair. Identify and list below 4 possible risks/hazards that might occur within your work placement and state how you would prevent each one?, explain how they will be monitored and reviewed 1. Pupils trapping fingers in the internal fire doors. The fire doors are extremely heavy to open to exit the classrooms or to enter the bathroom, especially for the less able bodied and the smaller children within foundation. These doors are on hinges and close back on themselves when opened. Are very heavy as they are designed to protect against fire. However I have witnessed children struggling with these doors. When trying to open these doors by themselves they tend to place one hand on the door frame as they use the other hand to open the door. If they where to lose grip of the door it would swing back and the likely hood of trapping their fingers is a high risk. The less able bodies students struggle even more so and they normally have a buddy within their classroom to open these doors for them. Which in turn takes away their independence, and they normally have a fear of getting stuck in the toilet or in room as they are unable to open these doors by themselves. I would look into adapting the doors by placing an electronic button system. Where the smaller children and the less able bodied children will be able to press a button and the door will automatically open for them. As it is impossible to loosen the hinges on the door as they will no longer work as intended. If this is not possible when a child needs to exit a room then an adult should always be present to assist. Preventing any accidents from happening, or a fear of getting stuck. 2. Tripping over chair leg in classroom When children are moving around the classroom it is often an possibility that they could trip over a chair leg. Either from the chair not being placed under a table properly or whilst another child is swinging on their chair. This could be very hazardous as they could fall and hit a side of a table or land badly on the ground. Add no swinging on your chair and to tuck away chairs properly when not being used onto the classroom rules. I would remind any of the children I see not tucking their chair away to do so, and at the end of class make a check that all chairs are tucked away correctly. I would also do the same with children swinging on their chair; I would ask them not to, and remind them of the class room rules. 3. Slipping on wet floors in the toilets Before break times and lunch times the children are all asked to go to the toilets and wash their hands. The children have a tendency to drip a large amount of water across the floor when walking over to the hand dryer. Which when you have approximately 30 children at once using the toilets the water can accumulate into a puddle of water, which becomes a slipping hazard. Allowing only ten children to use the toilets at a time to wash their hands. So that a teaching assistant could maintain the floor with a mop preventing puddles forming, then let the next ten children in once the teaching assistant has vacated. Another option could be before allowing the children  out of the class to use the toilet the teacher could remind them to shake the excess water off their hands over the sink before drying their hands. However the procedure they have set in the foundation classes works well where they set up two washing up bowls set within the classroom on tables. The children wash their hands under adult supervision and then dry their hands on towels. Makes it less children rushing through the toilets just to wash their hands. 4. Getting caught up and Tripping over Play bibs Within foundation the children are allowed out to play within the soft play area during lessons, but only in a group of five. To keep the group to only five children at a time there are five play bibs supplied which they have to wear whilst outside. However when a child wants to come back inside they have to take off the play bib, which then leaves a bib spare for another child to go out. It works in principle, and keeps the group to only five children at a time. However the children do not maintain putting the bibs back within the box after they are finished and they tend to just throw the play bibs down on the ground. This then becomes a tripping hazard and another child or member of staff could get their feet caught up within the bib and fall over, causing an injury. A box placed outside seems to be over looked by the children, so I would suggest placing a coat hook within the classroom, at their level by the door that they exit and enter to play outside. Then reaffirm that the play bibs must be hung up when not being used and remind the children when they drop the bib to hang it up or no play for them for the rest of the day. Offsite Safety What risk assessments do you need to complete before going of site/ on an outing? Oakland’s Primary employs an external Risk Assessment company, to carry out the risk assessments on behave of the school. They attend the site of the visit and make an assessment of the risks that may apply and forward the report back to the Head Teacher or Deputy Head Teacher. The report will be compiled of recommendations based on factors of the trip, and any control measures and contingencies that need to be set in place relating to the risks that could occur. From the report the school will then set in place the criteria based around the risks, such as: The age / competence / fitness / usual standard of behaviour of the pupils Any special educational / medical needs of the pupils Adult to Child ratios The competence / experience / qualifications of the adults Modes of transport, journey routes and location of the visit The correct attire that may need to be required depended on weather conditions and location of visit. Any emergency procedures When there is a less able bodied pupil attending the trip, the leading teacher will take a visit to the site themselves to evaluate the location and the facilities. This is so they can make sure that no child will miss out. They also take a visit to plan activities accordingly and to talk to any personnel that may work within the location of the visit, and to set out a timetable of the activities. Are the adult: child ratio’s different? Yes the ratios are different, and these depend on the location of the visit. What are your roles and responsibilities? I have done quite a few school trips, some have been to support my son during a school visit and have travelled either via the school mini bus or and in one instance myself and my son travelled by our own means of transport. When arriving at school we are given the activities schedule and what groups we will be in and the names of the children under our care. We check that all the children have brought everything they need, if not the school does try to provide anything that a child has forgotten or does not own, such a wellingtons, spare clothes etc. We run through the plan before leaving the classroom. On the mini bus I would support my son, during the journey and help the other two teaching assistants within the mini bus to keep the rest of the children entertained. We normally share out books, maths tasks or we will start some singing. Once we have arrived at the location I am put in charge of a small group of 4 to 5 children which includes my son and I follow one of the leading teachers during the activities. The last school trip to kingcombe meadows we went hunting within the meadows for wild flowers with a check list, we also caught bugs within nets and did some fishing in the river. I had a small group of 5 children under my care and I helped them with their activities, encouraging them to figure out what bug the found or flower. I have also helped with a foundation school outing, this was up to the post box outside of the school gate and up the road to post their letters home, as part of their Post Office activities in class. I handed out high-viz vests to every child before we left and was put in charge of three children as we walked in a line up and back to the post box.